Molecular insights into the ecology of a psychrotolerant Pseudomonas syringae

Low temperatures constrain cellular life due to reductions in nutrient uptake, enzyme kinetics, membrane permeability, and function of other biomacromolecules. This has implications for the biophysical limits of life on Earth, and the plausibility of life in extraterrestrial locations. Although most pseudomonads are mesophilic in nature, isolates such as the Antarctic Pseudomonas syringae Lz4W exhibit considerable psychrotolerance, with an ability to grow even between 4 and 0 degrees C. In this review, we explore the molecular traits and characteristic phenotypes of P. syringae Lz4W that enable life at low temperatures. We describe adaptations that enhance membrane fluidity; examine genes involved in cellular function and survival in the cold; assess capability for energy generation at low temperature; and detail the mechanics of DNA repair and RNA processing at low temperature, and speculate that P. syringae Lz4W can also synthesize glycerol to maintain flexibility of macromolecular systems. In the range 4 to 0oC, there are considerable changes in the properties and behaviour of water. Specifically, density can have adverse impacts on plasma-membrane functions, cytoplasmic viscosity, protein behaviour, and other essential properties of cellular system. We identified a combination of adaptations that may be peculiar to cold-tolerant P. syringae, including increase of unsaturated fatty acids in the plasma membrane; a RNA polymerase able to function at 0 degrees C; RecBCD- and RuvAB-dependent reestablishment of replication fork; and efficiencies of degradosome machinery and RNA processing by RNaseR at low temperature. Several unresolved questions are discussed in the context of astrobiology, and further work needed on the psychrotolerance of P. syringae.