COVID-19 information-related digital literacy among online health consumers in a low-income country

Background: The internet has become an important source of health information among people across the globe. However, the novel coronavirus outbreak has led to a broader dissemination of fake and misleading health information. While health professionals may be able to critically evaluate internet-based information, the skills at finding, appraising, and using COVID-19-related online information may be problematic for laypeople in lowincome countries. The purpose of this study was to examine the digital literacy of lay consumers of online COVID-19-related information in Ghana. Method: A cross-sectional survey was conducted among online health consumers across five regions in Ghana. Participants were conveniently recruited through social media, and the survey was based on the eHealth Literacy Scale (eHeals) and administered through Qualtricsxm software. We calculated the overall mean eHeals score to determine the literacy levels and performed descriptive statistics to describe the characteristics of the sample. Linear regression analysis was performed to determine the factors associated with respondents' digital literacy. Result: Out of 700 respondents sent with a survey link, 325 responded (46.4 % response rate). The majority of the respondents were: younger than 31 years (M = 28.42, SD = 6.98), males (59.7 %), use the internet daily (94.4 %), engaged in social media activities (65 %), and frequently search the internet for information related to COVID-19. The overall eHealth literacy was quite high (M = 4.01, SD = 0.95), but respondents' scores on items 1 and 6 were relatively low. Sex, age, frequently searching the internet for COVID-19 information, using the internet for educational purposes, and having a little/adequate knowledge of COVID-19 was predictive of digital literacy. Conclusion: The study revealed a high overall digital literacy as well as sex and age differences in literacy levels among online health consumers in Ghana. However, respondents' ability to locate COVID-19 related informaion and their skills in differentiating scientific from unscientific internet-based information remain relatively low. These findings offer useful insight that can inform the design of inclusive internet-based preventive resources that would be accessible and understandable to laypeople across all age groups and sexes in low-income countries.