The geochemical and mineralogical controls on the release characteristics of potentially toxic elements from lead/zinc (Pb/Zn) mine tailings

Large quantities of lead/zinc (Pb/Zn) mine tailings were deposited at tailings impoundments without proper management, which have posed considerable risks to the local ecosystem and residents in mining areas worldwide. Therefore, the geochemical behaviors of potentially toxic elements (PTEs) in tailings were in-depth investigated in this study by a coupled use of batch kinetic tests, statistical analysis and mineralogical charac-terization. The results indicated that among these studied PTEs, Cd concentration fluctuated within a wide range of 0.83-6.91 mg/kg, and showed the highest spatial heterogeneity. The mean Cd concentrations generally increased with depth. Cd were mainly partitioned in the exchangeable and carbonate fractions. The release potential of PTEs from tailings was ranged as: Cd > Mn > Zn > Pb > As, Cd > Pb > Zn > Mn > As and Cd > Pb > Mn > Zn > As, respectively, under the assumed environmental scenarios, i.e. acid rain, vegetation restoration, human gastrointestinal digestion. The results from mineralogical characterization indicated that quartz, sericite, calcite and pyrite were typical minerals, cumulatively accounting for over 80% of the tailings. Sulfides (arse-nopyrite, galena, and sphalerite), carbonates (calcite, dolomite, cerussite and kutnahorite), oxides (limonite) were identified as the most relevant PTEs-bearing phases, which significantly contributed to PTEs release from tailings. A combined result of statistical, geochemical and mineralogical approaches would be provided valuable information for the alteration characteristics and contaminant release of Pb/Zn mine tailings.