Plasticity in turtle grass (Thalassia testudinum) flower production as a response to porewater nitrogen availability

Terrestrial plants often demonstrate plasticity in reproductive timing and output in response to environmental conditions such as temperature, photoperiod, water availability and nutrients. Despite the importance of sexual reproduction forseagrass establishment and persistence, factors influencing reproductive timing and output of these underwater marine plants remain largely unknown. We used a manipulative field-based experiment to assess the effect of porewater nitrogen on turtle grass (Thalassia testudinum) flower production. Experiments were conducted within monospecific turtle grass beds in Lower Laguna Madre, Texas, a region with consistently low water column and porewater nutrient levels. We enriched 50 turtle grass plots with fertilizer buried within the sediment at the rhizome layer. This resulted in increased porewater ammonium concentrations of 679 +/- 188 mu M in enriched plots, compared to 204 +/- 34 mu M in unenriched plots. After the onset of the reproductive season, we examined turtle grass reproductive status, plant morphology and elemental composition. Unenriched plots had a higher proportion of reproductive shoots (0.19 +/- 0.10) than enriched (0.08 +/- 0.04) plots. Shoots from enriched plots, alternatively, assimilated additional available nitrogen into leaf tissue and had more leaves that were longer and wider than their unenriched counterparts. Our results indicate that turtle grass exhibits plasticity in reproduction as a response to nutrient availability, whereby under low porewater nitrogen conditions, resources are diverted to sexual reproduction rather than somatic growth. The worldwide increase in coastal nutrient loading, particularly in the form of submarine groundwater discharge, has the potential to reduce flowering in Thalassia species. (C) 2017 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.