Implications of mucilage on pressure bomb measurements and water lifting in trees rooting in high-salinity water

Various studies on mangroves and other tall trees rooting in high-salinity water have given compelling evidence that tension is not the only factor in water lifting as thought by plant physiologists. A characteristic feature of these trees is that the tissue cells, the apoplastic space and, in particular, the lumen and the inner walls of many xylem vessels of the roots, the trunk and the branches (up to the apex) contain mucilage. Data on single marine giant algal cells are presented that show that mucilage reduces the chemical activity of water. Longitudinal gradients in the chemical activity of water and interfacial forces are presumably the dominant forces for water lifting. In order to save water on its tortuous pathway to the uppermost foliage trees apparently use different strategies (as revealed by H-1-NMR imaging), e.g. reduction of the conducting xylem area in the branches at intermediate height by mucilage or interruption of the xylem water columns by gas-filled segments and water lifting through mucilage networks and surface films. Pressure bomb experiments over the entire height of the trees revealed clearly that balancing pressure values cannot be taken as a measure for xylem tension. Such values can be used generally for an estimation of the chemical potential of water in the xylem of leafy twigs under atmospheric pressure, mu(w,h)=0, provided that a species-specific "threshold pressure" (depending on wood density, elastic forces of the tissue, hydraulic coupling between xylem and tissue cells, intercellular spaces, cellular osmotic pressure etc.) is subtracted from the balancing pressure values. Transpiration increases the "threshold pressure" considerably and in an unpredictable way. Thus, as shown here, predawn balancing pressure data taken at various heights can yield information about the height dependence of fit, (measured at h=0) under field conditions, particularly when the water content of the xylem is simultaneously determined in a reliable manner (e.g. by the compression/decompression method in combination with centrifugation).