The vesical calculus

Bladder calculi account for 5% of urinary calculi and usually occur because of foreign bodies, obstruction, or infection. Renal calculi that pass into the bladder usually pass through the urethra without difficulty. Bladder stones usually occur independent of upper tract urolithiasis. Kidney or pancreas transplant patients, spinal cord-injured patients, and women undergoing anti-incontinence procedures are at a higher risk of developing bladder calculi. There are several treatment options available, including open surgery, extracorporeal shock-wave lithotripsy, percutaneous techniques, and dissolution therapy.