Voluntary cutbacks and pretreaty behavior: The Helsinki protocol and sulfur emissions

This article formulates a noncooperative game model of sulfur emission reductions that accounts for the transboundary transport of emissions. Bared on this model, European demand for emission reductions is derived from 1980 to 1985. In the early 1980s, information on sulfur emissions and depositions became available and allowed nations to assess their desired levels of emission reductions. We estimate European demand for cutbacks prior to the Helsinki Protocol's mandated reductions by using spatially autoregressive techniques. This demand depends on the price of emission cutbacks, national income, self-inflicted damage, baseline emission levels, and freedoms. Qualitative analysis lends support to the noncooperative depiction and our characterization of the Protocol as reflecting actions that many nations were already taking.