Presence of ice-nucleating Pseudomonas on wheat leaves promotes Septoria tritici blotch disease (Zymoseptoria tritici) via a mutually beneficial interaction

Zymoseptoria tritici causes Septoria tritici blotch (STB) of wheat, an economically important disease causing yield losses of up to 10% despite the use of fungicides and resistant cultivars. Z. tritici infection is symptomless for around 10 days, during which time the fungus grows randomly across the leaf surface prior to entry through stomata. Wounded leaves show faster, more extensive STB, suggesting that wounds facilitate fungal entry. Wheat leaves also host epiphytic bacteria; these include ice-nucleating (INA+) bacteria, which induce frost damage at warmer temperatures than it otherwise occurs. Here, STB is shown to be more rapid and severe when wheat is exposed to both INA+bacteria and sub-zero temperatures. This suggests that ice-nucleation-induced wounding of the wheat leaf provides additional openings for fungal entry. INA+bacterial populations are shown to benefit from the presence of Z. tritici, indicating that this microbial interaction is mutualistic. Finally, control of INA+bacteria is shown to reduce STB.