Effects of culture, sex, and age on the distribution of handedness: An evaluation of the sensitivity of three measures of handedness

The present study examined the effects of culture, age, and sex on three measures of handedness: writing hand, Annett's primary handedness items, and a measure based on hand preference for 11 activities. Using data from a large international study, the relationship between the culture in which participants learned to write (as defined by Hofstede's cultural dimensions) and adult handedness was examined. Participants who learned to write in formal cultures were less likely to be classified as left-handed than those who learned in less formal cultures. Older participants and those who learned to write in formal cultures were more likely to be classified as left-handed by the Annett and 11 item measures than by the writing hand classification. Across measures females were less likely to be classified as left-handed than males. Handedness for writing was found to be more sensitive to cultural influences than the other measures. These results suggest that some measures of handedness may be more sensitive to specific handedness actiologies than others.