Alternative Geometries for 3D Bioprinting of Calcium Phosphate Cement as Bone Substitute

In the literature, many studies have described the 3D printing of ceramic-based scaffolds (e.g., printing with calcium phosphate cement) in the form of linear structures with layer rotations of 90 degrees, although no right angles can be found in the human body. Therefore, this work focuses on the adaptation of biological shapes, including a layer rotation of only 1 degrees. Sample shapes were printed with calcium phosphate cement using a 3D Bioplotter from EnvisionTec. Both straight and wavy spokes were printed in a round structure with 12 layers. Depending on the strand diameter (200 and 250 mu m needle inner diameter) and strand arrangement, maximum failure loads of 444.86 +/- 169.39 N for samples without subsequent setting in PBS up to 1280.88 +/- 538.66 N after setting in PBS could be achieved.