Efficient removal of iron from groundwater by dual-media filter

Directly from the coasts of Mediterranean and Red Seas in Egypt by sieving; the Amphistegina tests (hard parts or shells) were accumulated in main size of 1.2 mm. While after 18 d of seawater-softening, a definite calcite ooids were formed within an assembled semi-pilot seawater-softening unit with mesh size varying from 0.5 to 3.0 mm. For the first time, we used the Amphistegina tests and the fabricated calcite ooids as dual filtration media and iron removal from the ground-water sample presented from Al-Qurayyat, Jouf Governorate, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. At temperatures of 293 and 313 K and different pumping speeds; 0.02, 0.03, 0.04, 0.05 and 0.06 m(3)/h, the filtrate of raw groundwater sample was achieved by different filtration media such as ooids, Amphistegina and dual Amphistegina-ooids filter. The maximum bed capacity for the dual-media filter vessel, which desired to full of is 13.2 L. This vessel has two layers of media includes ooids (2.28 L) and Amphistegina (5.97 L). At lower velocity (0.02 m3/h) and higher temperature (313 K), the iron removal efficiency reached to 74.15% by new dual-media filter from 1.47 mg/L in raw groundwater sample in the absence of chlorine injection.