Effect of free-stream turbulence on boundary layer transition

This paper is concerned with the transition to turbulence in flat plate boundary layers due to moderately high levels of free-stream turbulence. The turbulence is assumed to be generated by an (idealized) grid and matched asymptotic expansions are used to analyse the resulting flow over a finite thickness flat plate located in the downstream region. The characteristic Reynolds number R-Lambda based on the mesh size. and free-stream velocity is assumed to be large, and the turbulence intensity e is assumed to be small. The asymptotic flow structure is discussed for the generic case where the turbulence Reynolds number epsilon R-Lambda and the plate thickness and are held fixed (at O(1) and O(Lambda), respectively) in the limit as R-Lambda -> infinity and epsilon -> 0. But various limiting cases are considered in order to explain the relevant transition mechanisms. It is argued that there are two types of streak-like structures that can play a role in the transition process: (i) those that appear in the downstream region and are generated by streamwise vorticity in upstream flow and (ii) those that are concentrated near the leading edge and are generated by plate normal vorticity in upstream flow. The former are relatively unaffected by leading edge geometry and are usually referred to as Klebanoff modes while the latter are strongly affected by leading edge geometry and are more streamwise vortex-like in appearance.