Hoccleve, the Virgin, and the politics of complaint (15th-century poetry)

What is the relation between Marian lament and distinctively modern, autobiographical complaints of Thomas Hoccleve? What, moreover, is the relation between Hoccleve's performances of private misery and his ability to offer advice and counsel to princes? This article argues that Hoccleve's "Complaint of the Virgin" can teach us to recognize the complex interweaving of gender, genre, ideality, and excess that informs Hocclevean complaints more generally. "The Complaint of the Virgin" explores a woman's exemplary transition from subversive investment in private connection and private suffering to self-abnegation and participation in public power. In doing so, the poem provides a model for Hoccleve's own movements between marginalized interiority and public rhetoric - and for his meditation between Lancastrian subjects and their sovereign. The Virgin offers a lesson in the pleasures and power of complaint, the disciplining of interiority, and the production of social relations through spectacle and sacrifice.