Removal of diclofenac from aqueous solution with multi-walled carbon nanotubes modified by nitric acid

Modified multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) were used as adsorbents for removal of diclofenac. The reaction conditions were examined. Langmuir, Freundlich, Temkin, and Dubinin-Radushkevich isotherm models were applied to determine appropriate equilibrium expression. The results show that the experimental data fit the Freundlich equation well. Thermodynamic parameters show that the adsorption process is spontaneous and exothermic. The kinetic study indicates that the adsorption of diclofenac can be well described with the pseudo-second-order kinetic model and the process is controlled by multiple steps. (C) 2015 The Chemical Industry and Engineering Society of China, and Chemical Industry Press. All rights reserved.