Relativistic and nonrelativistic annihilation of dark matter: a sanity check using an effective field theory approach

We find an exact formula for the thermally averaged cross section times the relative velocity <sigma v(rel)> with relativistic Maxwell-Boltzmann statistics. The formula is valid in the effective field theory approach when the masses of the annihilation products can be neglected compared with the dark matter mass and cut-off scale. The expansion at x = m/T >> 1 directly gives the nonrelativistic limit of <sigma v(rel)>, which is usually used to compute the relic abundance for heavy particles that decouple when they are nonrelativistic. We compare this expansion with the one obtained by expanding the total cross section sigma(s) in powers of the non-relativistic relative velocity v(r). We show the correct invariant procedure that gives the nonrelativistic average <sigma(nr)v(r)>(nr) coinciding with the large x expansion of <sigma v(rel)> in the comoving frame. We explicitly formulate flux, cross section, thermal average, collision integral of the Boltzmann equation in an invariant way using the true relativistic relative v(rel), showing the uselessness of the Moller velocity and further elucidating the conceptual and numerical inconsistencies related with its use.