The Extracellular Matrix and Ca2+ Signaling Mechanisms

The extracellular matrix (ECM) consists of proteins, glycosaminoglycans and glycoproteins, that support the dynamic interactions between cells, including intercellular communication, cell attachment, cell differentiation, cell growth and migration. As such, the ECM represents an essential and very sensitive system within the tissue microenvironment that is involved in processes such as tissue regeneration and carcinogenesis. The aim of the present review is to evaluate its diversity through Ca2+ signaling and its role in muscle cell function. Here, we discuss some methodological approaches dissecting Ca2+ handling mechanisms in myogenic and non-myogenic cells, e.g. the importance of Ca2+ and calpains in muscle dystrophy. We also consider the reconstruction of skeletal muscle by colonization of decellularized ECM with muscle-derived cells isolated from skeletal muscle. Therefore, it is necessary to establish new methodological procedures based on Ca2+ signaling in skeletal muscle cells and their effect on ECM homeostasis, allowing the monitoring of skeletal muscle reconstruction and organ repair.