Post-closure safety assessment of near surface disposal facilities for disused sealed radioactive sources

Great attention has been recently paid to the post-closure safety assessment of low- and intermediate level radioactive waste (LILW) disposal facility for disused sealed radioactive sources (DSRSs) around the world. Although the amount of volume of DSRSs generated from industry, medicine and research and education organization was relatively small compared with radioactive wastes from commercial nuclear power plants, some DSRSs can pose a significant hazard to human health due to their high activities and long half-lives, if not appropriately managed and disposed. In this study, post-closure safety assessment was carried out for DSRSs generated from 1991 to 2014 in Korea in order to ensure long-term safety of near surface disposal facilities. Two kinds of disposal options were considered, i.e., engineered vault type disposal facility and rock-cavern type disposal facility. Rock-cavern type disposal facility has been under operation in Gyeongju city, republic of Korea since August 2015 and engineered vault type disposal facility will be constructed until December 2020 in the vicinity of rock-cavern disposal facility. Assessment endpoint was individual dose to the member of critical group, which was modeled by GoldSim, which has been widely used as probabilistic risk analysis software based on Monte Carlo simulation in the area of safety assessment of radioactive waste facilities. In normal groundwater scenario, the maximum exposure dose was extremely low, approximately 1 x 10(-7) mSv/yr, for both disposal options and satisfied the regulatory limit of 0.1 mSv/yr. However, in the drinking well scenario, the maximum exposure dose for engineered vault type disposal facility was assessed as 2.022 mSv/yr where the value exceeded the regulatory limit of 1 mSv/yr. The maximum exposure dose for rock-cavern type disposal facility was calculated to be 0.634 mSv/yr, whose results was relatively very close to the regulatory limit considering high uncertainty of long-term environmental conditions. It was demonstrated that DSRSs including the radionuclides of C-14, Ra-226 and Am-241 significantly contributed to the large portion of exposure dose to the public based on the long-term safety assessment. Therefore, it was recommended that the near surface disposal of DSRSs containing C-14, Ra-226 and Am-241 should be restricted and managed by long-term interim storage option in order to minimize their potential radiological health effects. (C) 2017 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.