Nanosilver induces the formation of neutrophil extracellular traps in mouse neutrophil granulocytes

As a new type of antibacterial agent, nanosilver has attracted great attention in biomedical applications. However, the safety of nanosilver to humans and the environment has not been well elucidated. The objective of this study was to investigate the influence of nanosilver on novel effector mechanism of neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs), and its possible molecular mechanisms. In this study, nanosilver (10, 20 and 40 mu g/mL) was incubated with neutrophils for 90 min. Then, nanosilver-induced the release of NETs was observed by laser con focal microscopy. Nanosilver-induced NETs release was also quantitatively detected by pico Green (R). In addition, the role of NADPH oxidase, extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) and p38 signaling pathways in nano silver-induced NETs release were detected by the inhibitors and pico Green (R). The results indicated that nano silver significantly activated polymorphonuclear neutrophils (PMN) to release NETs, which was a DNA-based network structure modified with histones (H3) and neutrophil elastase (NE). The inhibitors of NADPH oxidase, ERK and p38 signaling pathways significantly inhibited the formation of nanosilver-induced NETs. Furthermore, nanosilver did not alter the extracellular lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) level of PMN cells. All these results showed that nanosilver significantly induced NETs release, and the potential molecular mechanisms were correlated with reactive oxygen species (ROS) production-dependent on NADPH oxidase, ERK and p38 signaling pathways, which might provide a new perspective on nanosilver-induced excess NETs release related to the host immune damage.