Methylphenidate for attention deficit hyperactivity disorder and drug relapse in criminal offenders with substance dependence: a 24-week randomized placebo-controlled trial

AimTo test the efficacy and safety of osmotic release oral system (OROS) methylphenidate (MPH) in doses up to 180mg/day to treat attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and prevent any drug relapse in individuals with a co-diagnosis of ADHD and amphetamine dependence. DesignRandomized placebo-controlled 24-week double-blind trial with parallel groups design. SettingParticipants were recruited from medium security prisons in Sweden. The medication started within 2 weeks before release from prison and continued in out-patient care with twice-weekly visits, including once-weekly cognitive behavioural therapy. ParticipantsFifty-four men with a mean age of 42 years, currently incarcerated, meeting DSM-IV criteria for ADHD and amphetamine dependence. MeasurementsChange in self-reported ADHD symptoms, relapse to any drug use (amphetamine and other drugs) measured by urine toxicology, retention to treatment, craving and time to relapse. FindingsThe MPH-treated group reduced their ADHD symptoms during the trial (P=0.011) and had a significantly higher proportion of drug-negative urines compared with the placebo group (P=0.047), including more amphetamine-negative urines (P=0.019) and better retention to treatment (P=0.032). ConclusionsMethylphenidate treatment reduces attention deficit hyperactivity disorder symptoms and the risk for relapse to substance use in criminal offenders with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder and substance dependence.