A simple cryogenic holder for tensile testing of soft biological tissues

To overcome the difficulty of gripping soft biological materials for tensile test, a simple inexpensive cryogenic holder was developed which allows rapid (3 min) preparation of samples. It is made of 6 parts, built in a bakelite cloth, which is an excellent thermal isolant, and is used with rectangular (8 x 10(-2) x 10(-2) x 10-2 m) samples. The holder with the sample inside is completely immersed in liquid nitrogen for 50 s. This duration allows the freezing of the sample ends on a 10(-2) M length and gives a very flat freezing surface throughout the sample cross section. The 6 x 10(-2) M central part of the sample remained at ambient temperature. Two parts of the holder help maintain the sample until its ends are vertically gripped in the tensile machine thus avoiding any sample deformation during this step. No pressure was applied on the frozen part of the sample by grips of the tensile machine and this avoids breaks in this region. The sample is fixed by adhesion forces (> 1 kN) between its frozen parts and 2 pieces of the holder. The procedure has been successfully tested with bovine and salmon muscle sample s and results show tensile breaks randomly distributed in the unfrozen region of the samples. Particular attention has been paid to obtain a very flat freezing surface so that the axial strain is equal throughout the sample and therefore any strain-related mechanical parameters can be accurately determined. The dimensions of the holder can be easily modified to fit other sample geometries and can be used with other biological materials. (C) 2003 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.