Measurements of DNA damage on silver stained comets using free Internet software

Silver stain offers the possibility to stain comets permanently, but up to now it was impossible to measure the majority of the comet parameters, because the distinction between head and tail was not recognised by software. Here, we report a silver staining protocol that allows the measurement of comet parameters using the free Internet software CASP. We validated the silver stain protocol by comparing the behaviour of the parameter '% DNA in tail' in silver and fluorescent stained comets. The range of % DNA in tail for different visual categories of damage in silver stained comets was similar to that reported with fluorescence staining. The range was for category 0 (no damage), < 1%; category I (low damage), 1-25%; category 2 (medium damage), > 25-45%; category 3 (high damage), > 45-70%; category 4 (very high damage), > 70%. The mean of % DNA in tail in silver stained comets was also similar to that reported with fluorescence staining. The mean was for category 0, 0.4 +/- 0.34%; category 1, 12 +/- 7%; category 2, 37 +/- 4%; category 3, 57 +/- 5% and category 4, 83 +/- 6%. Others comet parameters such as tail length, tail moment and Olive tail moment can be also measured. The silver staining protocol reported here opens new opportunities for those working in the assay without fluorescent microscope as the measurement of comet parameters using free Internet software and conventional microscope becomes possible. (c) 2006 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.