Source effects in mid-latitude geomagnetic transfer functions

Analysis of more than 10 yr of vertical magnetic transfer function (VTF) estimates obtained at 12 mid-latitude sites, located in different continents and tectonic settings, reveals significant temporal variations for a period range between approximately 250 and 2000 s. The most ubiquitous pattern is a seasonal modulation of the VTF element that relates the vertical to the horizontal north-south magnetic components (Tx), which shows a high peak around the June solstice (and a low peak around the December solstice) regardless of the location of the site. To quantify the influence of this source effect on the amplitude of VTFs, we modelled the temporal variations of VTFs using a function with dependence on season and magnetic activity indexes. The model shows that differences between VTF estimates obtained at seasonal peaks can reach 0.08 of Tx absolute values and that the effect increases with latitude and period. Seasonal variations are observed also in the VTF component relating vertical to horizontal east-west magnetic components (Ty), but here the pattern with respect to the geographic distribution is less clear. In addition to seasonal trends, we observe long-term modulations correlating with the 11-yr solar cycle at some sites. The influence of these external source effects should be taken into account, before attempting a geological interpretation of the VTFs. It can be misleading, for example, to combine or compare VTFs obtained from long-period geomagnetic data acquired at different seasons or years. An effective method to estimate and remove these source effects from VTFs is by comparison with temporal variations of VTFs from synchronously recorded data at sites located at similar latitude (<5 degrees of difference) and longitude (<10 degrees of difference). Source effects in temporal variations of VTFs can be identified as those patterns that exhibit similar amplitudes and significant correlation with the geomagnetic activity at all compared sites. We also provide a second-order polynomial which can be used to estimate the amplitude of the seasonal variations in the Tx component globally as a function of latitude.