Weather Forecasts by the WRF-ARW Model with the GSI Data Assimilation System in the Complex Terrain Areas of Southwest Asia

This paper will first describe the forecasting errors encountered from running the National Center for Atmospheric Research (NCAR) mesoscale model (the Advanced Research Weather Research and Forecasting model; ARW) in the complex terrain of southwest Asia from 1 to 31 May 2006. The subsequent statistical evaluation is designed to assess the model's surface and upper-air forecast accuracy. Results show that the model biases caused by inadequate parameterization of physical processes are relatively small, except for the 2-m temperature, as compared to the nonsystematic errors resulting in part from the uncertainty in the initial conditions. The total model forecast errors at the surface show a substantial spatial heterogeneity; the errors are relatively larger in higher mountain areas. The performance of 2-m temperature forecasts is different from the other surface variables' forecasts; the model forecast errors in 2-m temperature forecasts are closely related to the terrain configuration. The diurnal cycle variation of these near-surface temperature forecasts from the model is much smaller than what is observed. Second, in order to understand the role of the initial conditions in relation to the accuracy of the model forecasts, this study assimilated a form of satellite radiance data into this model through the Joint Center for Satellite Data Assimilation (JCSDA) analysis system called the Gridpoint Statistical Interpolation (GSI). The results indicate that on average over a 30-day experiment for the 24- and 48-h (second 24 h) forecasts, the satellite data provide beneficial information for improving the initial conditions and the model errors are reduced to some degree over some of the study locations. The diurnal cycle for some forecasting variables can be improved after satellite data assimilation; however, the improvement is very limited.