Latest developments in chronic intestinal pseudo-obstruction

Chronic intestinal pseudo-obstruction (CIPO) is a type of intestinal dysfunction presenting as symptoms of intestinal obstruction but without actual mechanical obstruction. An extremely low incidence, non-specific clinical symptoms, strong heterogeneity, and no definitive cause in some patients make CIPO very difficult to diagnose correctly. Imaging and gastrointestinal manometry are commonly used. Most patients have progressive worsening of their symptoms and require intervention, and nutritional assessment and treatment are very important to determine the prognosis. With improvements in surgical techniques, small bowel transplantation is a feasible treatment option for patients with advanced CIPO; however, the long-term prognosis for CIPO patients remains unsatisfactory. Generally, the disease is rare and difficult to diagnose, which leads to clinicians' lack of understanding of the disease and results in a high rate of misdiagnosis. This review describes the characteristics of CIPO and the latest developments in diagnosis and treatment, in detail. The goal of our review is to improve clinicians' understanding of CIPO so that the disease is identified quickly and accurately, and treated as early as possible to improve patients' quality of life.