Postnatal development of thermoregulation in the semiaquatic muskrat (Ondatra zibethicus)

Developmental changes in thermoregulatory ability were followed in 1- to 34-d-old muskrats (Ondatra zibethicus) tested individually and in groups composed of 5 littermates. During their first 10-11 d of life, 20- to 60-g nestlings displayed limited thermogenic ability and could not maintain a stable body temperatures (T-b) during 2 h exposure to an air temperature (T-a) of 10 or 25 C. At 25 C, a T-a approximating nest temperatures in the field, nestlings were homeothermic at ca. 10-11 d of age, when they were fully furred, capable of limited swimming, and within 1-2 d of opening their eyes. The onset of thermoregulation occurred at a body mass (60 g) that was considerably less than predicted on the basis of adult body size. Huddling with littermates reduced the cooling of 20- to 60-g young at a T-a of 10 C, but did not advance the age (mass) at which they became effective homeotherms. Huddling by 20- to 60-g nestlings raised the mean T-b, leading to a substantive (64%) gain in the rate of oxygen consumption ((V)over dot O-2). Conversely, in older nestlings that were close to or fully homeothermic, huddling with littermates consistently lowered (V)over dot O-2, the greatest metabolic saving (38%) being realized by 17- to 21-d-old (100-140 g) young. We suggest that the rapid development of thermoregulation may be linked to the semiaquatic habit of muskrats, and that thermoregulatory behavior contributes importantly to the growth and morphological development of this prolific microtine rodent.