Pro-inflammatory biomarkers during experimental gingivitis in patients with type 1 diabetes mellitus: a proof-of-concept study

P>Aim To compare gingival crevicular fluid (GCF) biomarker levels and microbial distribution in plaque biofilm (SP) samples for subjects with type 1 diabetes (T1DM) versus healthy subjects without diabetes during experimental gingivitis (EG). Materials and Methods A total of nine T1DM patients and nine healthy controls of age and gender similar to the T1DM patients were monitored for 35 days during EG. Hygiene practices were stopped for 3 weeks, and GCF, SP, plaque index (PI) and gingival index were determined. IL-1 beta, IL-8, MMP-8 and MMP-9 were quantified by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, and SP samples were assessed by DNA-DNA hybridization for a panel of 40 subgingival microbial species. Results IL-1 beta levels in T1DM patients were elevated compared with healthy individuals, and showed differences between groups at 7-21 days while healthy patients showed IL-1 beta increases from baseline to 14-21 days (p < 0.05). Differences were observed in MMP-9 levels between patients with and without T1DM at 7-14 days (p < 0.05). Orange complex species and PI measurements displayed a superior correlation with biomarker levels when compared with other complexes or clinical measurements during EG. Conclusions The mean GCF biomarker levels for IL-1 beta and MMP-8 were most significantly elevated in T1DM subjects compared with healthy individuals during EG, not resulting from differences in the mean PI or microbial composition.