This article discusses the Coptic gnostic "Apocalypse of Paul" (NHC, V,1), an expansion of Paul's heavenly ascent as described in 2 Cor 12.2-4, arguing that its similarities to, and independence from, Irenaeus' extrapolation of a Valentinian understanding of this ascension ("Adversus Haereses" 2.30.7) suggests that both accounts were written in a context of controversy between Valentinian and proto-orthodox Christians wherein both sides tried to claim the apostle Paul's authority. It also argues that this proposed Sitz-im-Leben renders coherent certain aspects of the "Apocalypse of Paul" that have in the past been considered problematic.