Influence of ligand binding on structure and thermostability of human α1-acid glycoprotein

Ligand binding of neutral progesterone, basic propranolol, and acidic warfarin to human alpha(1)-acid glycoprotein (AGP) was investigated by Raman spectroscopy. The binding itself is characterized by a uniform conformational shift in which a tryptophan residue is involved. Slight differences corresponding to different contacts of the individual ligands inside the beta-barrel are described. Results are compared with in silico ligand docking into the available crystal structure of deglycosylated AGP using quantum/molecular mechanics. Calculated binding energies are -18.2, -14.5, and -11.5 kcal/mol for warfarin, propranolol, and progesterone, respectively. These calculations are consistent with Raman difference spectroscopy; nevertheless, minor discrepancies in the precise positions of the ligands point to structural differences between deglycosylated and native AGP. Thermal dynamics of AGP with/without bounded warfarin was followed by Raman spectroscopy in a temperature range of 10-95 degrees C and analyzed by principal component analysis. With increasing temperature, a slight decrease of alpha-helical content is observed that coincides with an increase in beta-sheet content. Above 45 degrees C, also beta-strands tend to unfold, and the observed decrease in beta-sheet coincides with an increase of beta-turns accompanied by a conformational shift of the nearby disulfide bridge from high-energy trans-gauche-trans to more relaxed gauche-gauche-trans. This major rearrangement in the vicinity of the bridge is not only characterized by unfolding of the beta-sheet but also by subsequent ligand release. Hereby, ligand binding alters the protein dynamics, and the more rigid protein-ligand complex shows an improved thermal stability, a finding that contributes to the reported chaperone-like function of AGP. Copyright (C) 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. Additional supporting information may be found in the online version of this article at the publisher's web site.