Analysis of surface layers of an iron axe from Early Medieval Age

An ancient axe from Early Medieval Age which was unearthed on a territory of the archaeological excavation site near the village Borovce (Slovakia) is investigated. The surface of the axe was supposed to be covered with a sort of glassy system. Mossbauer effect measurements performed in backscattering and transmission geometry upon original as well as powdered pieces of the axe confirmed that the surface layers of the axe consist of goethite, lepidocrite, akageneite, and/or magnetite. After temperature treatment at 400 degrees C/100 min hematite and maghemite were found; these are products of thermal decomposition of the above mentioned iron phases. These findings ruled out the hypothesis that the surface covering substance was put on the axe by intention.