The Performance of Exchange Traded Funds

Exchange-traded funds (ETFs) are commonly regarded as an efficient, low-cost alternative to actively managed mutual funds, yet their perceived superiority is largely anecdotal. This article evaluates the performance of a comprehensive, survivorship-bias-free sample of US equity ETFs following the approach that has been commonly used to evaluate the performance of actively managed mutual funds. The authors find that ETFs have collectively lagged the market by an amount similar to the widely documented underperformance of active mutual funds. They perform textual and regression-based analysis to identify factor ETFs and show that most of these have also failed to beat the market. They conclude that from a pure performance perspective, the allure of ETFs finds little support in the data.