Coffee consumption associated with reduced risk of oral cancer: a meta-analysis

Objective. Currently, there is no consensus on the effect of coffee consumption on the risk of oral cancer. We performed a meta-analysis based on published studies to uncover the association. Study Design. We searched PubMed (1946-2015), Embase (1976-2015), and the bibliographies of all retrieved articles for relevant citations. We performed random-effects meta-analyses of observational studies on coffee consumption and oral cancer. Results. A total of 11 caseecontrol studies and 4 cohort studies comprising 2,832,706 controls and 5021 cases of oral cancer were included in our analysis. The results indicated that the summary odds ratio for the highest versus the lowest or no category consumption of coffee was 0.63 (95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.52-0.75). The odds ratios were 0.60 (95% CI: 0.49-0.74) for caseecontrol studies and 0.66 (95% CI: 0.45-0.98) for cohort studies. Conclusion. Overall, our results suggested that coffee consumption appears to have a protective benefit in oral cancer.