Child characteristics, parenting stress, and parental involvement: Fathers versus mothers

This study examined variations in the relationships among child characteristics, parenting stress, and parental involvement. Participants were 100 two-parent families with preschool-aged children. Self-report and interview data were collected to measure parental involvement, as well as perceptions of child temperament and parental stress. Analyses revealed significant, yet somewhat different, associations between child temperament and parental stress for mothers and fathers. More significant associations were found between perceptions of child temperament and involvement for fathers than for mothers. The associations between child temperament and parental stress and involvement differed on the basis of child and parent gender. Results are discussed in terms of future research on father involvement, as well as programs designed to encourage fathers to assume more active parental roles.