Pattern of Holocene glaciation in the monsoon-dominated Kosa Valley, central Himalaya, Uttarakhand, India

Reconstruction based on the geomorphology, lateral moraine stratigraphy, and limited optical chronology indicate that the monsoon-dominated Kosa Valley experienced four glacial advances during the late glacial to late Holocene. The oldest and most extensive glaciation, which is termed as Raj Bank Stage-1 (RBS-1), is represented by the degraded moraine ridge. This glaciation remains undated; however, the chronology of outwash terrace gravel dated to 12.7 +/- 1.31 ka indicates that the RBS-1 probably represents the Last Glacial Maximum (LGM). The second glacial advance (RBS-2) is preserved as a curvilinear lateral moraine and is dated to 6.1 +/- 0.41 ka. The third glacial advance viz. RBS-3 is bracketed between 5.0 +/- 0.5 and 4.0 +/- 0.41 ka. Following this, the glacier receded in pulses that are represented by two distinct recessional moraines (RBS-3a and b). The forth glacial stage (RBS-4), which is dated between 2.2 +/- 0.2 and 1.6 +/- 02 ka, shows a pulsating recession and is represented by a prominent recessional moraine (RBS-4a). Whereas, presence of unconsolidated, poorly defined moraine mounds proximal to the glacier snout are ascribed as neoglacial advance corresponding to the Little Ice Age (LIA). With the limited chronometric data, we speculated that the glaciation was driven during the weak to moderate Indian Summer Monsoon (ISM) aided by lowered temperature. Presence of recessional moraines associated with mid-Holocene glacial phase indicate that the monsoon-dominated glaciers respond sensitively to minor (sub-millennial scale) changes in temperature and precipitation conditions. The observations are broadly in accordance with the studies carried out in other monsoon-dominated valleys in the central Himalaya, implying that in ISM dominated regions, lowered temperature seems to be the major driver of glaciations during the late glacial to late Holocene. (C) 2016 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.