New frontiers in prostate cancer imaging: clinical utility of prostate-specific membrane antigen positron emission tomography

Prostate-specific membrane antigen positron emission tomography (PSMA PET) is a relatively new method of imaging prostate cancer that increases diagnostic accuracy in detecting and guiding management in various stages of the disease pathway. Gallium-68-labelled PSMA PET has increased the sensitivity of detection of disease recurrence at low PSA levels, thus allowing an optimal window for salvage treatment. Apart from its use in disease recurrence, PSMA PET has the potential for increasing sensitivity and specificity for primary tumour localisation and in detecting lymph node disease, leading to a more accurate initial staging of the condition. In advanced disease, the use of PSMA PET may be able to assess response to treatment and also guide treatment with radionuclide therapy. Newer ligands under development might provide avenues for theranostic or personalised therapy applications with early data showing high PSA response rates. The rate of translation of PSMA PET into clinical practice has been remarkable. The use of this modality is likely to increase with future efforts to modify the radiotracer including F-18 labelling to improve availability.