Bifurcation and Turing pattern formation in a diffusive ratio-dependent predator-prey model with predator harvesting

The ratio-dependent predator-prey model exhibits rich dynamics due to the singularity of the origin. Harvesting in a ratio-dependent predator-prey model is relatively an important research project from both ecological and mathematical points of view. In this paper, we study the temporal, spatial and spatiotemporal dynamics of a ratio-dependent predator-prey diffusive model where the predator population harvest at catch-per-unit-effort hypothesis. For the spatially homogeneous model, we derive conditions for determining the direction of Hopf bifurcation and the stability of the bifurcating periodic solution by the center manifold and the normal form theory. For the reaction-diffusion model, firstly it is shown that Turing (diffusion-driven) instability occurs, which induces spatial inhomogeneous patterns. Then it is demonstrated that the model exhibit Hopf bifurcation which produces temporal inhomogeneous patterns. Finally, the existence and non-existence of positive non-constant steady-state solutions are established. Moreover, numerical simulations are performed to visualize the complex dynamic behavior. (C) 2019 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.