Rectosigmoidoscopy complicated by bilateral pneumothoraces, pneumomediastinum, pneumoperitoneum, pneumoretroperitoneum, and pneumoderma

Rectosigmoidoscopy is a common procedure for diagnosis and follow-up of diseases of the lower gastrointestinal system. Although the procedure is proven to be safe in experienced hands, there is always risk of complications. We report a case of bilateral pneumothoraces, pneumoperitonium, pneumoretroperitoneum, pneumomediastinum, and pneumoderma due to perforation during a rectosigmoidoscopy. Co-occurrence of all these in 1 patient is a very rare clinical condition. This report underlines the possibility of even the rarest and unexpected complications related to rectosigmoidoscopy. Endoscopist should be careful to avoid perforation, be aware of the potential complications, and be able to manage them.