Management effects on glyphosate and AMPA concentrations in the PM10 emitted by soils of the central semi-arid region of Argentina

In soils of semi-arid regions, different amounts of glyphosate are applied, and this substance tends to be absorbed on the topsoil exposed to erosion. The objective of this study was to analyze the effects of land management on the concentration of glyphosate and AMPA in the respirable dust emitted by soils in the central semi-arid region of Argentina. Soil samples were collected from nine agricultural soils under no-tillage with genetically modified Annual crops (AG), five agricultural soils under conventional tillage with annual crops (non-glyphosate-resistant) (AFG), and two permanent grasses (PG) with no-tillage and no glyphosate application in the last 30 years. The particulate matter finer than 10 mu m in diameter (PM10) was generated and collected from each soil by means of an electrostatic dust sampler. Glyphosate and AMPA were analyzed in the soils and PM10. The percentage of detection (number of samples with glyphosate/AMPA over the total number of samples analyzed) was calculated. AG had the highest glyphosate and AMPA percentage of detection, in both, soil and PM10 (100% in all cases). Similar results were found for AFG, except for glyphosate in soil, where the percentage of detection was 80%. In PG, no glyphosate was detected in soil but it was detected in 83% of the PM10 samples. AMPA was detected in 67% and 100% of soil and PM10 samples, respectively. The detection in PG suggests the entry of glyphosate and AMPA from other sites. The contents of glyphosate and AMPA in soil and PM10 were greater in AG than in AFG and PG. In soil, the content of glyphosate was 69 mu g kg(-1) in AG and 5 mu g kg(-1) in AFG. In PM10, the content of glyphosate was 224 mu g kg(-1) in AG, 25 mu g kg(-1) in AFG, and 35 mu g kg(-1) in PG. AMPA showed a similar behavior to glyphosate in both soil and PM10. The greater use of glyphosate in AG increases the concentration of glyphosate and AMPA in soil and PM10. It determines an increase in environmental risk when wind erosion events occur in AG. In all management systems analyzed, AMPA content was greater than glyphosate content, and glyphosate and AMPA contents in PM10 were higher than those in soil. This result shows the potential risk posed by PM10 emitted from agricultural soil to human health and the environment. To our knowledge, this is the first study that shows how land management affects the occurrence and concentration of glyphosate and AMPA in PM10.