Appropriate integration of geothermal energy sources by Pinch approach: Case study of Croatia

Geothermal energy is a widely available renewable energy source. In Croatia geological data have been indicating promising potential, especially in the North-Eastern part of the country with a geothermal gradient higher than 49 degrees C/km and terrestrial heat flux of 76 mW/m(2). Nonetheless, despite this potential, this resource is not highly exploited to date. Efficient use of geothermal energy can contribute on reducing Croatia's energy dependence. In this paper, a methodology of a possible integration of geothermal energy within residential, commercial and industrial systems was attempted. Pinch analysis was used to find the best ways to fulfil the energy system requirements in an efficient, clean and cost-effective way. The used approach gives a good overall picture of energy targets for process, site and utility levels. The recommendation for cost-effective integration of geothermal energy into regional energy network is considered by use of Pinch Analysis. Additional attention was paid to geothermal energy utilisation in low enthalpy sedimentary environments. The obtained results can be used for integration of geothermal energy in different cases and "countries". It gives general recommendation for geothermal sources placement as well as for energy planning and regional sustainability. (C) 2016 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.