Studies on the Relationships between Clean/fossil Energy Consumption and Sustainable Development in China

this paper expects to examine the causal relationship of clean/fossil energy consumption with economic growth, environmental issues, and social problems. Especially, China consumed 2,735 million tons of oil equivalent of primary energy including 86% of fossil energy and 12.3% of clean energy, accounting for 21.9% of the world's total in 2013, and the consumption in China over passed that in the USA since 2010. Then, the importance of examining the relationships between clean/fossil energy consumption and sustainable development is obvious and urgent. Specifically, this study examines the causal relationship within a multivariate panel co-integration/error correction framework, which combines the cross-section and time series data while allowing for heterogeneity across different provinces.