A cryptographically secure image watermarking scheme

In this paper a new cryptographic watermark embedding technique is proposed. The random watermark indices, which specify, the locations where the watermark signals are embedded, are first generated based on the discrete logarithm problem and Fermat's Little Theorem. The random, watermarking indices are then utilized to develop both spatial domain and spectrum domain digital watermarking techniques. Security analysis is presented and simulation examples are shown to illustrate the excellent transparency and robustness of the proposed approaches under common degradation and major security attacks. The novel approaches are both effective and efficient, and are suitable for general purpose commercial digital media copyright protection.