No religion formally forbids to donate or receive organs or is against transplantation from living or deceased donors. Only some orthodox jews may have religious objections to "opting in". However transplantation from deceased donors may be discouraged by Native Americans, Roma Gypsies, Confucians, Shintoists, some Orthodox rabbis. Some South Asia muslim ulemas (scholars) and muftis (jurists) oppose donation from human living and deceased donors because human body is an "amanat" (trusteeship) from God and must not desecrated following death but encourages xenotransplantation research. No religion formally obliges to donate or refuse organs. No religion formally obliges to consider cadaveric organs "a societal resource" or considers organ donation "a religious duty" (except some rabbis and isolated muslim, and christian scholars). No religion has a formal position on "bonus points". Living organ donation is strongly encouraged only between Jesus Christians (15 out of 28 jesus christians worldwide have donated a kidney). No religion forbids this practice. Directed organ donation to people of the same religion has been proposed only by some orthodox jews and some Islamic ulemas/muftis. Only some moslim ulemas/muftis and some oriental religions may prefer living donation over cadaveric donation. No religion prefers cadaveric over living donation. No religion formally forbids Non Heart Beating Donors (NHBD), Cadaveric donation or crossover donation. Due to sacrality of human life, the catholic church is against donation from anencephalic donors or after active euthanasia. No religion formally forbids xenotransplantation. Addressing the participants on the First International Congress of the Society for Organ Sharing in 199 1, Pope John Paul // said ''There are many questions of an ethical, legal and social nature which need to be more deeply investigated. There are even shameful abuses which call for determined action on the part of medical association and donor societies, and especially of competent legislative bodies" and later on "In effect, the human body is always a personal body, the body of a person. The body cannot be treated as a merely physical or biological entity, nor can its organs and tissues ever be used as item for sale or exchange". Addressing the participants on the XVIII International Congress of the Transplantation Society in 2000, Pope John Paul // said "Accordingly, any procedure which tends to commercialize human organs or to consider them as items of exchange or trade must be considered morally unacceptable, because to use the body as an "object" is to violate the dignity of the human person" and later on added ''the criteria for assigning donated organs should in no way be "discriminatory" (i.e. based on age, sex, race, religion, social standing, etc.) or "utilitarian" (i.e. based on work capacity, social usefulness, etc.)" To conclude according to Catechism of the Catholic Church. Compendium. Signed by Pope Benedict XVI on June 28, 2005, 476: Are allowed transplantation and organ donation, before and after death? Organ transplantation is morally acceptable with the consent of the donor and without excessive risks for him/her. For the noble act of organ donation after death the real death of the donor must be fully ascertained.
