The Spatial and Temporal Contribution of Glacier Runoff to Watershed Discharge in the Yarkant River Basin, Northwest China

被引:23
|
作者
Yin, Zhenliang [1 ]
Feng, Qi [1 ]
Liu, Shiyin [2 ,3 ]
Zou, Songbing [1 ]
Li, Jing [2 ]
Yang, Linshan [1 ]
Deo, Ravinesh C. [1 ,4 ]
机构
[1] Chinese Acad Sci, Northwest Inst Ecoenvironm & Resources, Key Lab Ecohydrol Inland River Basin, Lanzhou 730000, Peoples R China
[2] Chinese Acad Sci, Northwest Inst Ecoenvironm & Resources, State Key Lab Cryospher Sci, Lanzhou 730000, Peoples R China
[3] Yunnan Univ, Inst Int Rivers & Ecosecur, Kunming 650091, Peoples R China
[4] Univ Southern Queensland, Int Ctr Appl Climate Sci, Inst Agr & Environm IAg&E, Sch Agr Computat & Environm Sci, Springfield 4300, Australia
基金
中国博士后科学基金; 中国国家自然科学基金;
关键词
glacier runoff contribution; distributed hydrological modeling; Yarkant River Basin; soil and water assessment tool (SWAT); Karakoram; CLIMATE-CHANGE; TARIM RIVER; TIBETAN PLATEAU; MASS-BALANCE; MODEL; TEMPERATURE; STREAMFLOW; RESOURCES; MELT; ICE;
D O I
10.3390/w9030159
中图分类号
X [环境科学、安全科学];
学科分类号
08 ; 0830 ;
摘要
In this paper, a glacial module based on an enhanced temperature-index approach was successfully introduced into the Soil and Water Assessment Tool (SWAT) model to simulate the glacier runoff and water balance of a glacierized watershed, the mountainous region of the Yarkant River Basin (YRB) in Karakoram. Calibration and validation of the SWAT model were based on comparisons between the simulated and observed discharge with a monthly temporal resolution from 1961 to 2011 for the Kaqun hydrological station. The results reaffirmed the viability of the approach for simulating glacier runoff, as evidenced by a Nash-Sutcliff Efficiency (NSE) of 0.82-0.86 as well as a percentage bias (PBIAS) of -4.5% to 2.4%, for the calibration and validation periods, respectively. Over the last 50 years, the total discharge and glacier runoff both exhibited increasing trends with 0.031 x 10(9) m(3<bold>)a(</bold>-1) and 0.011 x 10(9) m(3<bold>)a(</bold>-1). The annual glacier runoff contribution to the streamflow was between 42.3% and 64.5%, with an average of 51.6%, although the glaciers accounted for only 12.6% of the watershed drainage area in the mountainous YRB. The monthly contribution of the glacier runoff ranged from 11.0% in April to 62.1% in August, and the glacier runoff from June to September accounted for about 86.3% of the annual glacier runoff. Runoff from the mountainous regions above 5000 m a.s.l. accounted for 70.5% of the total discharge, with glacier runoff contributions being approximately 46.4%.
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页数:20
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