New formulation of the theory of thermoelectric generators operating under constant heat flux

The current theory of thermoelectric generators can only deal with situations where a thermoelectric generator operates under a constant temperature difference. In this paper, a new theoretical formulation is reported that can be applied to situations where a thermoelectric generator operates under constant heat flux, completing the thermoelectric generator theory that has been absent for more than half a century. Central to the development of this new theory is a thermoelectric relationship that links the temperature difference across a thermoelectric generator in an open circuit to that in a closed circuit, enabling new formulation. This new theory offers the capacity to calculate the maximum power output and maximum conversion efficiency of a thermoelectric generator that operates under a constant heat flux, which represents the typical characteristics of the majority of heat sources and is anticipated to have a significant impact on the design and optimization of many practical thermoelectric generators. Moreover, the theory lays the foundation for a deep understanding of the unique characteristics of thermoelectric I-V curves and opens up a new way to investigate and evaluate the thermoelectric properties and performances using the I-V curves. Other foreseeable outcomes due to this new theory include the development of a novel thermoelectric characterisation technique based on thermoelectric I-V curves, a variable thermal resistance for heat regulation and exploring the possibility of improving the performance of thermoelectric generators by pulse mode operation.