Cellular Therapy Advances in Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia and Richter's Syndrome

Over the past 10 years, there have been great treatment advances for chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) with the development of small molecule inhibitors. However, there remains an area of unmet need for pa-tients who progress on novel therapies. The development of cellular therapies in CLL has been hindered by CLL induced immunosuppression. Fortunately, recent progress in various methods in immunomodulation may help overcome this limitation in CLL. These advances have spurred ongoing interest in the develop-ment of cellular therapies for CLL, including chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T cell therapies, bi-specific antibodies, and use of natural killer cells. These novel treatment modalities may hold promise for patients with refractory, and potentially transformed disease. Here, we discuss the development of CAR-T cell ther-apy in CLL and the impact of combining CAR-T and small molecule inhibitors on treatment outcomes, the evolving role of bi-specific antibodies and natural killer cells, and comment on the use of cellular therapies for Richter's syndrome. (c) 2021 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.