Competitive equilibriums and social shaping for multi-agent systems

In this paper, we study multi-agent systems with decentralized resource allocations. Agents have local demand and resource supply, and are interconnected through a network designed to support sharing of the local resource; and the network has no external resource supply. It is known from classical welfare economics theory that by pricing the flow of resource, balance between the demand and supply is possible. Agents decide on the consumed resource, and perhaps further the traded resource as well, to maximize their payoffs considering both the utility of the consumption, and the income from the trading. When the network supply and demand are balanced, a competitive equilibrium is achieved if all agents maximize their individual payoffs, and a social welfare equilibrium is achieved if the total agent utilities are maximized. First, we consider multi-agent systems with static local allocations, and prove from duality theory that under general concavity assumptions, the competitive equilibrium and the social welfare equilibrium exist and agree. Next, we show that the agent utility functions can be prescribed in a family of socially admissible functions, under which the resource price at the competitive equilibrium is kept below a threshold. Finally, we extend the study to dynamical multi-agent systems where agents are associated with dynamical states from linear processes, and prove that the dynamic competitive equilibrium and the dynamic social welfare equilibrium continue to exist and coincide with each other. In addition, we also present a recursive representation of the competitive equilibriums using dynamic programming, and a receding horizon approach for smoothing the dynamic pricing as a dynamic competitive equilibrium social shaping method.(c) 2022 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.