Water and energy productivity in sprinkler irrigation systems under using groundwater

Water and energy consumption to produce agricultural crops is increasing due to the growth of population and food demand. In this study, water and energy productivity of sprinkler irrigation systems were calculated and evaluated under two conditions, using groundwater as an only irrigation water resource and conjunctive use of surface and groundwater. Twenty two fields were studied in terms of irrigation water and energy productivity as well as economic water and energy productivity for four main crops in Qazvin plain of Iran. The mean value of irrigation water productivity was 1.30, 1.46, 0.87 and 0.86 kg.m(-3) for wheat, barley, maize and alfalfa, respectively. These values for energy productivity were 4.48, 4.24, 3.06 and 1.91 kg.kWh(-1), respectively. Results indicated both wheat and barley had greater irrigation water productivity than maize and alfalfa. However, economic water productivity for maize and wheat were higher thanfor alfalfa and barley. Energy productivity for wheat was more than for three other crops. Various parameters affecting energy consumption resulted in broad range of energy productivity in the studied fields. Conjunctive use of canal and groundwater causes more energy productivity.