Influence of Exercise on the Human Gut Microbiota of Healthy Adults: A Systematic Review

OBJECTIVES: To summarize the literature on the influence of exercise on the gut microbiota of healthy adults. METHODS: A systematic and comprehensive search in electronic database, including SciELO, Scopus, PubMed, and Web of Science up to July 5, 2019. Eligibility criterion was original studies conducted on healthy humans including exercise interventions or interventions involving any type of physical activity. RESULTS: The initial search retrieved 619 articles of which 18 met the inclusion criteria, 9 were observational, 4 reported very short-term exercise interventions, and 5 reported medium/long-term exercise interventions. Higher levels of physical activity or cardiorespiratory fitness were positively associated with fecal bacterial alpha diversity. Contrasting associations were detected between both the level of physical activity and cardiorespiratory fitness and fecal counts for the phyla Firmicutes, Bacteroidetes, and Proteobacteria. Higher levels of physical activity and cardiorespiratory fitness were positively associated with the fecal concentration of short-chain fatty acids. Reports on the effects of very short-term and medium/long-term exercise interventions on the composition of the gut microbiota were inconsistent. DISCUSSION: Higher levels of physical activity and cardiorespiratory fitness are associated with higher fecal bacterial alpha diversity and with the increased representation of some phyla and certain short-chain fatty acids in the feces of healthy adults. Very short-term and medium/long-term exercise interventions seem to influence the fecal counts of some phyla. However, the heterogeneity between studies hampers any strong conclusions from being drawn. Better-designed studies are needed to unravel the possible mechanisms through which exercise might influence the composition and activity of the human gut microbiota.