Effect of xanthan gum, guar gum, and pectin on physicochemical, color, textural, sensory, and drying characteristics of kiwi fruit leather

The present investigation was carried with the objective of developing kiwi fruit leather using different hydrocolloids. Hydrocolloids like xanthan gum (XG), guar gum (GG), and pectin (P) in three different concentrations, that is, 0.2%, 0.5%, and 1% were blended with kiwi pulp and were dried at 60 degrees C for around 7 hr. The developed kiwi fruit leathers were analyzed for physicochemical, color, textural and organoleptic properties. The leather samples prepared with 0.5% XG, 0.5% GG, and 0.5% P showed the highest sensory score and desirable physicochemical properties. The effects of air temperature (50, 60, 70 degrees C) and hydrocolloids (0.5% of XG, GG, and P) on the drying kinetics of kiwi fruit leather were investigated. The mathematical modeling was performed by seven thin layer drying models. The Midilli-Kucuk model was found to satisfactorily describe the thin layer drying kinetics of kiwi fruit leather. Practical applications Kiwifruit is a rich source of vitamins, minerals, antioxidants, phytochemicals, and fiber content. It offers specific health benefits and has great potential for industrial exploitation. However, this fruit and its products are not reachable to all consumers. Fruit leathers are an economical and convenient substitute for natural fruits with high nutritional values. But leather making from kiwifruit and leather drying is a challenging task. Hence, it was hypothesized that xanthan gum, guar gum, and pectin could be effective for providing desirable textural, and organoleptic properties. Thus, the objectives of this study were to evaluate the effects of xanthan gum, guar gum, and pectin and their concentrations on the characteristics of kiwi fruit leather and to investigate the effect of drying air temperature on the drying kinetics of kiwi fruit leather. This study will provide an opportunity to food industries for the effective utilization of kiwifruit.