Quarantine Mitigation for Fruit Flies in Citrus

Many species of citrus are suitable host plants of quarantine-significant tephritids belonging to genera Anastrepha, Bactrocera, and Ceratitis. Rigorous quarantine procedures and risk mitigation safeguards are required and enforced to prevent the spread of these fruit flies by regulating international and domestic movement of citrus. Ranking among fruit crops with the highest global commercial value, citrus commodities have the distinction of encompassing extensive basic research and validation studies on developing acceptable and efficacious probit 9 quarantine mitigations, including fumigation, hot-water immersion, high-temperature forced-air, vapor heat, cold, and irradiation treatments. The conventional probit 9 treatments and "non-host no-treatment" mitigation approaches in achieving quarantine security for fruit flies in citrus are discussed.