Activation of bradykinin-sensitive pericardial afferents increases systemic venous tone in conscious rats

Our understanding of reflex regulation of veins lags behind that of the arterial system. While the cardiac sympathetic afferent reflex (CSAR) exerts control over sympathetic outflow, its effect on venous tone is not known. We tested the hypothesis that activation of pericardial bradykinin sensitive afferents elicits systemic venoconstriction. Male and female Sprague Dawley rats were chronically instrumented for measurement of arterial pressure and mean circulatory filling pressure, an index of venous tone, and with an indwelling pericardial catheter. Mean arterial pressure, heart rate and mean circulatory filling pressure responses were assessed in conscious rats in response to graded pericardial injections of bradykinin (1.5-20 mu g/kg) before and after ganglionic blockade, and to intravenous norepinephrine (0.05-0.8 mu g/kg). Bradykinin B2 receptor was assessed by Western blot. Pericardial bradykinin injections caused graded increases in mean arterial pressure, heart rate and mean circulatory filling pressure. These responses were markedly attenuated after autonomic blockade. The increments in mean circulatory filling pressure were attenuated in female rats. There were no differences in the venoconstrictor responses to norepinephrine or ventricular bradykinin receptor expression between male and females. We interpret these findings to indicate that activation of bradykinin sensitive pericardial afferents elicits a sexually dimorphic, autonomically mediated systemic venoconstrictor response. Differences in venous smooth muscle responses to norepinephrine or ventricular bradykinin receptor expression do not account for the sexual dimorphism. We conclude that systemic venoconstriction contributes to the overall hemodynamic response to activation of the cardiac sympathetic afferent reflex and that this effect is sexually dimorphic.